VISC 202 Reading Questions

_ What are some ways to indicate a new paragraph.

Usually a new paragraph is shown when you indent the first line.  However, there are other ways to show it too.  For example, double spacing, text size, leading, and icons could symbolize a new paragraph.

_ What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text.

Try to leave at least 2 characters on the line and 3 following, avoid hyphenating proper nouns.  

 
_ Define font hinting. Why is necessary?

            Font hinting is the use of mathematical instructions to adjust the display of an outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid. At low screen resolutions, hinting is critical for producing a clear, legible text.

_ What is letterspacing/tracking? How do you track in Illustrator or InDesign

           Letterspacing is the amount of white space between the letters in a word, which is crucial for reading clarity.  The following picture shows where you go to change letterspacing in indesign:

_ Define Kerning? Name 8 kerning pairs. How do you kern in InDesign or Illustrator?

           Kerning is the process of adjusting the spacing between characters in a proportional font, usually to achieve a visually pleasing result.Some common kerning pairs include Tu, Te, Ty, Wa, Av, Aw, Ta, AC.  To apply any amount of kerning in indesign you would go to the following section on the text toolbar:

_ try the kerning game (link). how did you do?

_ What is wordspacing?

            Wordspacing is simply just the amount of white space between words.

 
_ Explain DIN.

            DIN is an acronym for the German Deutsches Institut für Normung (German Institute for Standardization) and the name of an increasingly large realist sans-serif typeface family. In 1936 the German Standard Committee selected DIN 1451 as the standard typeface for use in the areas of engineering, technology, traffic, administration and business. Among the other recommendations adopted by this committee was an early precursor to the typographic grid.

_ What is a baseline grid?

           The main principle of the baseline grid is that the bottom of every line of text (the baseline) falls on a vertical grid set in even increments all the way down the page.

_ How many characters per line is optimal? Is there a range?

The optimal characters per line is 40-80.

_ Define aesthetic text alignment (optically hanging punctuation).

Punctuation marks extending beyond the text frame
_ What is a typographic river?

A typographic river consists of gaps appearing to run down a paragraph of text, due to a coincidental alignment of spaces. They can occur regardless of the spacing settings, but are most noticeable with wide inter-word spaces caused by full text justification or monospaced fonts.

_ What is a widow?

A widow is a paragraph-ending line that falls at the beginning of the following page/column, thus separated from the rest of the text.

_ what is an orphan?

            An orphan is a word, part of a word, or very short line that appears by itself at the end of a paragraph. Orphans result in too much white space between paragraphs or at the bottom of a page.

Graphic Design Referenced: On Newsstands (pg 322)

Who is Herb Lubalin?

            Herb Lubalin was one of the two owners of three magazines of the 1960s: Eros, Fact:, and Avant Garde.  Lubalin was given free reign in the design, and with a variety of display typefaces driven by the content, tasteful photography, and bold layouts.

Why was Esguire important?

It was a magazine that combined fiction, sports, humor, poetry, fashion and other elements of a luch lifestyle targeted at men.  The magazine gained notoriety for its journalism and content.

Who is Alexy Broadavich?

Alexy Broadavich freed the page to take pleasure in white space and the finely tuned pacing of text and image.

What did Hoefler-Jones do for Harper"s

Hoefler-Jones designed the Didot type family for Harper’s to use in the magazine.

Who is Gail Anderson?

Gail Anderson was another art director of the Rolling Stone and he was in charge of what became some of the most venturesome double-page spreads of the 1990s.

Who is David Carson?

David Carson was an art director for Raygun and he also worked on another magazine while he produced the first issue and his style gave a mainstream audience.

Who is Tibor and what is M&Co?

Tibor was the designer that played a major role in the creation of Colors Magazine.  M & Co was the New York Studio that Tibor had previously owned.

Who is Neville Brody?

Neville Brody was the art director for The Face.  The design turned from tentative and simple to a kinetic playground for typographic exploration and the graphic flotsam and jetsam it left in its path.

What is Speak?

Speak was a magazine that slowly engaged people’s attention with the turning of every page and while it was acclaimed in the design community, it failed to promote itself in the editorial world and with the lack of advertising and funding, it was led to its demise in 2001.

Photographers

David Hilliard

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hilliard_%28photographer%29           

            http://www.davidhilliard.com/

            http://www.aperture.org/books/browse-by-photographer/d-h/david-hilliard-photographs.html

David Hockney

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney

            http://www.hockneypictures.com/

            http://www.artnet.com/artists/david-hockney/

Horst P. Horst

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_P._Horst

            http://alafoto.com/listing/thumbnails.php?album=47

            http://www.gallerym.com/artist.cfm?ID=59

Lori Nix

            Bio: http://www.artist-info.com/cgi-bin/search/user_search.cgi?action=show_bio&ID=25078

            http://www.lorinix.net/

            http://www.fastcodesign.com/1662890/lori-nixs-stunning-tiny-dioramas-depict-an-abandoned-world-slideshow

Robert Doisneau

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Doisneau

            http://www.masters-of-photography.com/D/doisneau/doisneau.html

            http://www.robertdoisneau.com/

Steven Meisel

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Meisel

            http://fashiongonerogue.com/photographer/steven-meisel/

            http://models.com/people/steven-meisel

**Tim Walker

            Bio: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Walker

            http://www.timwalkerphotography.com/

            http://showstudio.com/contributor/tim_walker

Font Study: ITC New Baskerville

Here is my behance link for the font study project!  Enjoy!

http://www.behance.net/gallery/Font-Study-ITC-New-Baskerville/2508113

11/10 Letter Fountain

_ What are small capitals? How are they different than something set in ALL CAPS?
Does your font have small caps? If not name a font that does.

Small capitals are uppercase characters set at the same height and weight as surrounding lowercase letters or text figures. You use them if you do not want to underline or bold something within your text.  ITC New Baskerville does indeed have small caps.

_ What are ligatures? why are they used? when are they not used? what are common ligatures?
Does your font have ligatures? If not name a font that does.
A ligature occurs where two or more graphemes are joined as a single glyph. Ligatures usually replace consecutive characters sharing common components and are part of a more general class of glyphs.  I honestly do not know if ITC New Baskerville has ligatures, but I have tried to look.  I do know that Garamond does.

_ What is the difference between an inch mark and a quote mark (smart quote)?

Quote marks are placed at the beginning and end of a given quote.  An inch mark are two straight identical lines that represent the measurement of an inch.  Sometimes the quote marks are curved as well.

_ What is a hyphen, en dash and em dashes, what are the differences and when are they used.

The hyphen ( ‐ ) is a punctuation mark used to join words and to separate syllables of a single word.  The en dash is a short dash, the width of an en, used in punctuation.  The em dash is just a long dash used in punctuation usually used to signal interruption.

Infographic References

Type Classifications

Classifications:

Old Style

Characteristics:
1. The base serifs have no or ar hardly any rounding at the bottom
2. The cross-bar of the lowercase e is horizontal
3. The top serifs are roof-shaped and hae a triangular form
 
Fonts:
1. Garamond
2. Bembo
3. Plantino
4. Albertina
5. Palatino

Transitional

Characteristics:
1. The base serifs are only a little or virtually not rounded at the bottom.
2. The cross-bar of the lowercase e is horizontal
3. The serifs are sometimes rounded, sometimes sharpened, and in a few cases already strictly horizontal as with the didones.

Fonts:
1. Baskerville
2. Concorde
3. Fournier
4. Perpetua
5. Times New Roman

Modern

Characteristics:
1. Strong emphasis on vertical stroke
2. thick-thin contrast is vertical
3. sharp contrasts, symmetry and sharp transition to the straight serifs.
 
Fonts:
1. Didot
2. Bodoni
3. Walbaum
4. Linotype
5. Vertrina
 
 

Slab-Serif

Characteristics:
1. Only a little thick-thin contrast
2. The heavy rectangular serifs are as thick as the letters themselves
3. The serifs are the defining characteristic of slab-serif
 
Fonts:
1. Antique
2. Clarendon
3. Beton
4. Memphis
5. Serifa

Humanist

Characteristics:
1. Line widths are visually equal
2. Extension of the lowercase "e" points to the right instead of turning toward the crossbar
3. Lowercase "g" has a classic form with two bowls
 
Fonts:
1. Gills Sans
2. Profile
3. Syntax
4. Frutiger
5. Myraid

Geometric

Characteristics:
1. No Serifs
2. Line thicknesses are only visually and minually corrected
3. The axis of the roundings is vertical
 
Fonts:
1. Futura
2. Avant Garde
3. Eurostile
4. Erbar
5. Neuzet Grotesk

Grotesk/Gothic

Characteristics:
1. Line thicknesses seem to be equal but have a slight visual think-thin contrast
2. Axis of rounding is vertical
3. The ascender height is usually  equal to the capital letter
 
Fonts:
1. Akzidenz Grotesk
2. Neue Helvetica
3. Univers
4. Arial
5. Franklin Gothic